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Methodology

This report draws on data from Chinese official sources, principally the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), the National Energy Administration (NEA) and the China Electricity Council (CEC), alongside international sources including the International Energy Agency (IEA), the World Bank and Ember’s own datasets. Where data for the most recent year is not yet available, the latest available year has been used, and monthly data is drawn on where it offers a more current picture. Ember’s monthly China electricity data is based on NBS and NEA figures with some processing; full details are set out in our methodology. Some figures rely on estimation. Where this is involved, the method is set out in the notes to the associated table or figure.

Acknowledgement

Contributors

We would like to thank our Ember colleagues who contributed to the production of this report: Hannah Broadbent, Rini Sucahyo, Tito Das and Shiyao Zhang for their strategic communications input; Ardhi Arsala Rahmani for his support on digital production; and Chelsea Bruce-Lockhart, Lauren Orso and Jivan Zhen Thiru for their work on data visualisation. We are also grateful to Aditya Lolla and Raul Miranda for editing the report, Matt Ewen for his support with data collection and analysis, and Hannah Granados Smith for managing the report.

We would also like to acknowledge the ten anonymous reviewers for their time and effort in reviewing an earlier version of this report. Their contributions greatly improved the quality of the work. Any remaining errors are, of course, our own.