Repeat offenders: coal power plants top the EU emitters list

The IEA Net Zero Pathway states advanced economies must end coal generation by 2030. Many EU Member States have already announced phase out dates in line with this, leaving a limited few such as Poland and Bulgaria at risk of isolating themselves as their neighbours transition towards a clean power sector.   

Top 10 plants responsible for one quarter of EU power sector emissions

In total, the top 10 emitters in the 2022 EU-ETS released 175 Mt CO2e into the atmosphere in 2022, accounting for almost one quarter of power sector emissions in the EU-ETS. To put this in perspective, this is more CO2e than the power sectors of Spain, Italy and Czechia combined. As was the case last year, the largest 10 emitters were all lignite or hard coal plants, with PGE’s Bełchatów in Poland topping the list as it has done since the scheme began in 2005. It is not alone in its repeat offending – six others have also been amongst the top 10 power plants every year for the last decade. 

The plants are spread over just three countries – six in Germany, three in Poland and one in Bulgaria. The Bulgarian plant Maritsa East 2 rejoined the top 10 for the first time since 2019 with the largest year-on-year emissions increase of 60%, equivalent to an extra 4 million tonnes of CO2e. The only other new entry came from the Polish plant Turów, where an additional unit added mid-way through 2021 pushed up emissions. 

More information on power plant emissions in the EU-ETS is available in the data tools section.

Limited uptick in coal leads power sector emissions to increase 3%

Coal power emissions in the EU-ETS were 6% higher in 2022 than in 2021, but remained lower than 2019 levels.

As the energy crisis continued and fossil gas prices reached unprecedented highs in 2022, Europe was faced with a twin crisis of unexpected nuclear outages and a 1-in-500 year drought causing hydro output to plummet. The impact of this was a rise in fossil fuel generation, leading many to fear a ‘coal comeback’ in Europe. However, this did not materialise and in fact coal generation fell year-on-year in the last four months of 2022, a trend which is continuing into 2023. 

Due to an increase in coal generation in the first half of 2022, total coal generation in the EU was up by 7% in 2022 compared to 2021. This is reflected in a 6% rise in coal plant emissions in the EU-ETS. Despite this uptick, coal plant emissions in 2022 remained lower than 2019, and the increase was significantly lower than the 17% jump in 2021 when the majority of gas-to-coal switching occurred. The long term trend of coal power emissions remains one of decline, with values in 2022 40% lower than a decade ago. Going forwards, coal generation is expected to decrease in 2023. 

In 2022, after years of over-reliance on fossil gas, Europe was forced to bring in temporary emergency measures to ensure energy security. These included lifting coal capacity limits, allowing some coal units to return to operation or extending their lifetimes beyond scheduled shutdown dates. A study on the potential impact of Europe’s temporary return to coal estimated an additional 30 Mt CO2e a year from these emergency measures. In reality, the 6% increase in coal emissions released an extra 24 Mt CO2e compared to 2021. This is significantly less than this estimate, especially given it includes all coal plants from the EU-ETS, not just those covered by emergency measures.

With countries desperately trying to reduce gas consumption, nuclear and hydro issues across Europes’ power sector left countries with little room to manoeuvre, and gas power generation remained unchanged in 2022. Similarly, gas power sector emissions remained the same as 2021 in spite of the escalating gas costs that Europe faced throughout 2022. 

Coal-reliant countries dominate power emissions

When it comes to power sector emissions by country, the obvious culprits are those still burning coal. Germany and Poland are consistently responsible for around half the total EU power sector emissions, reaching their highest share of 53% in 2022. Coal features heavily in their emission mix – accounting for 78% and 87% respectively. 

Coal power emissions are highly concentrated within a small number of countries in the EU-ETS. In 2022, Poland and Germany were responsible for two thirds of coal power emissions, add in Czechia and Bulgaria and this jumps to 80%. 

However, in the last decade, German power sector emissions have dropped by one third as they reduced coal emissions by 100 Mt CO2e (-37%) compared to 2013, whilst Poland has cut coal power sector emissions by only 12%. In fact, Poland’s share of EU-ETS coal power emissions has increased, jumping from 19% in 2013, to 28% in 2022. Germany’s share of coal emissions has remained stable at 40%.

Fossil gas was responsible for around one quarter of power sector emissions in 2022, with Germany, Italy and Spain accounting for 60% of this. 

Compared to 2021, Spain saw the largest increase in power sector emissions, as subsidies were introduced to reduce the cost of gas-fired power plants and exports increased to France. German power sector emissions increased by 6 Mt CO2e as a drop in nuclear and hydro output led to increased coal. 

Polish emissions saw the largest year-on-year drop of around 6 Mt CO2e (-4%) thanks to a drop in demand and increase in wind and solar power displacing gas and coal. However, long term, Poland has seen some of the lowest ambition in the EU on reducing power sector emissions, cutting them by just 13% since 2013. Only Bulgaria, Slovakia and Cyprus have made less progress. 

RWE, EPH & PGE top emitters for 6 years running

For the last six years, the top three emitting utilities have remained the same – German RWE, Polish PGE and Czech EPH. In 2022, RWE was responsible for the largest power emissions from a utility – 75 Mt CO2e, an increase of 3% compared to 2021 and roughly equal to the power sector emissions of Italy. PGE came in just behind with 70 Mt CO2e, followed by EPH at 69 Mt CO2e. The emissions of these three utilities account for 30% of power sector emissions and dwarf those of their companions – fourth place in 2022 was taken by Enel who were responsible for 29 Mt CO2e. 

In 2022, lignite was responsible for 79% of emissions from these three big emitters, with another 15% from hard coal. In October 2022, RWE announced that they will end lignite generation by 2030 – a huge step in the right direction and crucial if Germany is to reach its clean power target of 80% by 2030. Sadly, no similar announcements have come from PGE or EPH. In fact, EPH is actively prolonging the fossil fuel industry – buying up old coal plants to continue running them and heavily investing in new gas infrastructure.

Supporting Materials

Downloads

Methodology

Missing Installations

Some installations had not yet reported emissions when the data was downloaded on 1st May 2023. These installations accounted for roughly 9 Mt CO2e, less than 1 % of emissions in 2021. For these installations, emissions for 2022 were estimated provided their account status was ‘open’, they were not excluded from the ETS and they reported in 2021. To calculate their estimated emissions, a percentage change from 2021 was applied according to the sector the installation belongs to. 

From 2021 onwards, the UK no longer reported emissions as part of the EU-ETS. This report looks exclusively at EU-27, Norway, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Iceland emissions, however, previous Ember analysis of the EU-ETS is based on EU-ETS + UK data and may therefore appear different to the results presented here.

Multiple Keys

Some installations are recorded under multiple keys in the EU-ETS data and must be added together to calculate their total emissions. For example, Boxberg power plant is split under DE 1453 and DE 1454. 

Power Sector Definition

The EUETS power sector records include combined heat and power plants along with power only. In this analysis, power sector is taken to include combined heat and power installations alongside power only installations.

Biomass and some waste generation is not included. 

Fuel Categories

Mappings for installation fuel types have been taken from previous Ember analysis and the ETC/CME Dataset 1/2021.

Peat, non municipal waste, oil and blast furnace gases were all mapped to other unless clearly stated separately. In addition the primary fuel for many very small installations could not be researched. These are also mapped to other, but are most likely small oil and gas plants, or oil and gas cofired in biomass plants.

Correction

The chart titled ‘3 utilities outweigh others in EU power sector emissions’ was corrected on 12/6/23. The previous version showed the incorrect largest fuel of CEZ, Uniper, EDF, Vattenfall, BEH, ENI, EnBW, ArcelorMittal, Thyssenkrupp, Großkraftwerk Mannheim, Eesti Energia and PGNiG.

Acknowledgements

Contributors

Reynaldo Dizon, Hannah Broadbent 

Header image

Lignite-fired power plant in Niederaussem, Germany.

Credit: Markue

Media coverage

EuroNews

Germany’s Focus

Anadolu Agency

300 Gospodarka

Middle East North Africa Financial Network

Berliner Zeitung

Poland’s Interia